Investigating Cross-Cultural Differences in Personal Space: Kurdish and Northern women in Iran
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study investigated cross-cultural differences in regard to the size of personal space among two Iranian sub-cultures (Kurdish and Northern women) vis-à-vis strangers. Methodology of research designed on participant observation, stop-distance method and questionnaire. A random size of 100 Kurdish and Northern women was selected in Sanandaj and Sari cities. Moreover, to examine the survey Chi-Square Test and Independent Sample Test were conducted. The results show that Kurdish women require more inter-personal space while walking and sitting than Northern (Mazani) women do. These findings assist environmental designers to represent strategies for achieving privacy in relation to Iranian sub-cultures.
Article Details
License
Copyright (c) 2018 Fatemeh Mohammad Niay Gharaei, Mojtaba Rafieian
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Aiello, J. R., & Cooper, R. E. & Jones, S. E. (1971). Field study of the proxemic behaviour of young school children in three sub cultural groups. Journal of Personality and social psychology, 19, 351-356.
Altman, I. (1975). The environment and social behaviour. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Altman, I., & Chemers, M. (1989). Culture and Environment. Cambridge: Cambridge university press.
Baxter, J. C. (1970). Interpersonal spacing in natural settings. Sociometry, 33, 444-456.
Engebretson, D., & Fullmer, D. (1970). Cross-cultural differences in territoriality: Interaction distances of native Japanese, Hawaii-Japanese, and American Caucasians. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 261-269.
Evans, G. W., & Howard, R. B. (1973). Personal space. Psychological Bulletin, 80(4), 334-344.
Forston, R. L., & Larson, C. U. (1968). The dynamics of space. Journal of Communication, 18, 109-116.
Frankel, A. S., & Barrett, J. (1971). Variations in personal space as a function of authoritarianism, self-esteem and racial characteristics of a stimulus situation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 37(1), 95-98.
Hall, E, T. (1959).The silent language. New York: Doubleday.
Hall, E, T. (1966).The hidden dimension. New York: Doubleday.
Hayduk, L. A. (1994). Personal space: Understanding the simplex model. Journal of Nonverbal Behaviour, 18, 245–260.
Little, K. B., & Henderson, C. (1968). Value congruence and interaction distance. Journal of social psychology, 113, 41-51.
Madanipour, Ali. (2003). Public and private spaces of the city. Routledge, London.
Remland, M. S., Jones, T. S., & Brinkman, H. (1995). Interpersonal distance, body orientation, and touch. Journal of Social Psychology, 135, 281–297.
International Journal of Psychology, 20, 13-17.
Scherer, S. E. (1974). Proxemic behaviour of primary school children as a function of their socioeconomic class and subculture . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29(6), 800-805.
Sommer, R. (1968). Intimacy ratings in five countries. International Journal of Psychology, 109-114.
Sommer, R. (1969). Personal Space: The behavioural basis of design, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Thompson, B. J., & Baxter, J. C. (1973). Interpersonal spacing in two-person cross cultural interaction. Man-Environment Systems, 3(2), 115-117.
Watson, O. M., & Graves, T. D. (1966). Quantitative research in proxemics behaviour, American Anthropologist, Vol. 74, 68, 83-90.
Willis, F. N. (1966). Initial speaking distance as a function of speaker’s hip. Psychonomic Science. 5, 221-222.
Ziller, RC., Long, B. H., Ramana, K. V., & Reddy, V. E. (1968). Self-other orientations of Indian and American adolescents. Journal of Personality, 36, 315-330