Multicultural Awareness and Urban Communities: Validating a multicultural awareness scale
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Cultural misunderstanding, conflict, difficulties, anxiety or uncertainty is stipulated due to contrast expectation, unwillingness to compromise or the different ways of life orientation. Present study aims to validate a scale to determine the extent multicultural awareness among multiethnic society of Malaysia. A key finding indicated that, the instruments are valid and reliable in assessing level of cultural awareness among multicultural society of Malaysia using part-time post-graduate students' samples from a public higher education institution. Multicultural awareness is vital to lessen ethnocentrism, racism and stereotyping in building a harmonious interracial interactions and integration.
Article Details
License
Copyright (c) 2017 Awang-Rozaimie Awang-Shuib, Siti-Huzaimah Sahari, A.J. Ali
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Abang Ekhsan, A. O. (2009). Strategic integration of human resource management practices. Cross Cultural Management, 16(2), 197-214.
Bandura, A. (1986). Fearful expectations and avoidant actions as coeffects of perceived self-inefficacy. American Psychologist, 41(12), 1389-1391.
Bennett, M. (2004). Becoming intercultural competent. In J. Wurzel (Ed.), Toward multiculturalism: A reader in multicultural education (2nd ed.,) (pp. 62-77). Newton, MA: Intercultural Resource Corporation.
Bjerregaard, T., Lauring, J., & Klitmoller, A. (2009). A critical analysis of intercultural communication research in cross-cultural management: Introducing newer developments in anthropology. Critical Perspectives on International Business, 5(3), 207-228.
Chen, G., & Starosta, W. (2003). Intercultural awareness. Intercultural communication: A reader (7th ed., pp.344-353). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Chen, X., & Wu, J. (2009). Sustainable landscape architecture: implication on the Chinese philosophy of “unity of man with nature” and beyond. Landscape Ecology, 24 (8), 1015-1026.
Clausen, L. (2010). Moving beyond stereotypes in managing cultural difference: Communication in Danish-Japanese corporate relationships. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 26(1), 57-66.
Craig, D., & Roy, R. (2004). Developing a Customer-focused Culture in the Speculative House-building industry. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 15(1), 73-87.
Ezhar, T. (2009). Contribution of Interethnic Contact on Interethnic Attitudes of Malay and Chinese-Malaysian University Students in Malaysia. European Journal of Social Sciences, 8(1), 51-61.
Fang, Y., Jiang, G. L. F., Makino, S., & Beamish, P. W. (2010). Multinational firm knowledge, use of expatriates, and foreign subsidiary performance. Journal of Management Studies, 47(1), 27-54.
Friedman, P. A., Dyke, L. S., & Murphy, S. A. (2009). Expatriate adjustment from the inside out: An autoethnographic account. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(2), 252-268.
Goode, T., Dunne, M., & Bronheim, S. (2006). The evidence base for cultural and linguistic competency in health care. The Commonwealth ;und. Reviewed October, 4, 2006.
Gudykunst, W. B., & Nishida, T. (2001). Anxiety, uncertainty, and perceived effectiveness of communication across relationships and cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25(1), 55-71.
Hammer, M., Bennett, M., & Wiseman, R. (2003). Measuring intercultural sensitivity: The intercultural development inventory. International Journal of Dntercultural Relations, ?7(4), 421-443.
Henry, G. B. (1995). Determining the reliability and validity of the Cultural Diversity Awareness Inventory (CDAI). Ph.D., Texas A&M University, United States -- Texas. Retrieved from http:SSproquest.umi.comSpqdwebS?did=741212581&Fmt=7&clientId=27905&RQT=309&VNam e=PQD
Hofstede, G. (1991). Management in a Multicultural Society. Malaysian Management Review, 26(1), 3-12.
Ingulsrud, J. E., Kai, K., Kadowaki, S., Kurobane, S., & Shiobara, M. (2002). The assessment of cross-cultural experience: measuring awareness through critical text analysis. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 26(5), 473-491.
Krainovich-Miller, B., Yost, J. M., Norman, R. G., Auerhahn, C., Dobal, M., Rosedale, M., et al. (2008). Measuring Cultural Awareness of Nursing Students. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 19(3), 250-258.
Lee, %. L. =2OO7>. The Chinese Malaysians‟ Selfish Mentality and Behaviors: Rationalizing From the Native Perspectives.
China Media Research, 3(4), 91-101.
Leung, K. (2007). Asian social psychology: Achievements, threats, and opportunities. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 10(1), 8-15.
Magnusson, P., Baack, D. W., Zdravkovic, S., Staub, K. M., & Amine, L.S. (2008). Meta-analysis of cultural differences: Another slice at the apple. Dnternational Business Rewiew, 17(5), 520-532.
Mak, M.Y., & Thomas Ng, S. (2005). The art and science of Feng Shui – a study on architects‟ perception. Building and Environment, 40(3), 427-434.
Mak, M.Y., & Ng, S.T. (2008). Feng Shui: an alternative framework for complexity in design. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 4(1), 58-72.
Matsumoto, D., & Yoo, S. H. (2006). Toward a new generation of cross- cultural research. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1(3), 234-250.
Matveev, A. V., & Milter, R. G. (2004). The value of intercultural competence for performance of multicultural teams. Team Performance Management, 10(5S6), 104-111.
Mendenhall, M., Stevens, M., Bird, A., & Oddou, G. =2OO8). Specification of the content domain of the Intercultural Effectiveness Scale. The Kozai Monograph Series, 1(2).
Neelankavil, J. P., Mathur, A., & Zhang, Y. (2000). Determinants of Managerial Performance: A Cross-cultural Comparison of the Perceptions of Middle-level Managers in Four Countries. Journal of International Business Studies, 31(1), 121-140.
Osman-Gani, A. M., & Rockstuhl, T. (2009). Cross-cultural training, expatriate self-efficacy, and adjustments to overseas assignments: An empirical investigation of managers in Asia. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 33(4), 277-290.
Portalla, T., & Chen, G.-M. (2010). The Development and Validation of the Intercultural Effectiveness Scale. Intercultural Communication Studies, 19(3).
Richardson, S., & Foong, Y. P. (2004). Culture and Managerial Styles: A study of Potential Managers in Malaysia. American Journal of Applied Science, 1(4), 279-283.
Rew, L., Becker, H., Cookston, J., Khosropour, S., & Martinez, S. (2003). Measuring cultural awareness in nursing students. Journal of Nursing Education, 42(6), 249-257.
Salfarina, A. G., Mohd. Zaini, A. B., & Azeem Fazwan, A. F. (2009). Explaining Ethnic Relations in Malaysia Through the “Concentric Circle Model”: Case Studies of the States of Perak and Kelantan, Malaysia. European Journal of Social Sciences, 12(2), 252-258.